The article discusses highly intelligent humanoid robots and their advantages in preparation for colonizing Mars. It describes the advantages of using robots, such as reducing the cost of the mission, since they do not need equipment to protect them from cosmic radiation, different temperatures, and other hazards, making them perfect not only for flight but also for work in the uninhabitable environment of Mars. No need for life-sustaining resources, as transferring resources from Earth to Mars is energy-, time-, and cost-intensive. Long operating time and increased safety in the extreme conditions of Mars, because working on solar panels, can provide themselves with energy and work for a long time without constant replenishment of energy resources. As such, they can operate on Mars for much longer periods of time, providing constant activity and continuously relaying information back to Earth. The possibilities of using robots to build the infrastructure of a Martian base are discussed and current developments of humanoid robots such as Atlas, Valkyrie, and Optimus are reviewed. At the same time, attention is drawn to an important obstacle in the use of these robots, which is expressed in their lack of intelligence comparable to human intelligence, and a solution is proposed in the form of the application of a new technology – multidimensional, multi-connected receptor-effector neural-like growing networks to create an artificial brain. The missions of robotic Mars rovers and the prospects for the expedition of intelligent humanoid robots to Mars are discussed. Overall, the paper sheds light on the significance and advantages of using robots in the future colonization of Mars. Figs.: 8. Refs.: 9 titles.
The paper relates to the concept of organoids, the simplified versions of organs produced artificially, which are of growing importance and popularity, especially for disease prediction and prevention and brain research, too. It investigates the potential capabilities of the creation, evolution, and analysis of organoid models with the developed Spatial Grasp Model and Technology (SGT) which has already been tested on various applications, including the management of networked technological, social, and defense systems. The paper first analyzes and classifies the latest organoid-related publications, then briefs the main SGT features, including its basic Spatial Grasp Language with its networked interpretation, resulting in powerful spatial engines capable of covering terrestrial and celestial environments. Then it shows a practical and very compact expression of growing organoid models under SGT which include cell growth, division and replication, cell worm creation and movement, killer cell operation, and finally, a full organoid model with its operation. It also explains how to investigate parameters of the growing organoids that can predict disease-related behavior. The paper reviews some other organoid developments of interest for the use of SGT, including mini-brains in robotics, organoid-emitting brain waves, and the development of organoids in outer space. It concludes with the plans for more detailed and extensive results with SGT which may be used in different ways. Firstly, the networking models of organoids can be obtained much quicker than the growing tissue in labs. Secondly, it may appear useful to combine virtual and living features in the united organoid development and research process. Thirdly, if a living tissue is really needed for organ replacement, advanced virtual growth of such organoids can orient and direct the real tissue development. Figs.: 16. Refs.: 39 titles.
The article presents a multi-agent pursuit problem in a three-dimensional space for the case when fugitive agents do not use any optimal escape strategy but move in accordance with an own predefined trajectory. It is noted that this problem is a prototype of the pursuit problem performed using an arbitrary missile defense system. The paper shows that this missile defense system includes three components: a radar system, whose task is to detect an enemy missile and track it in real time; an automatic control system that processes this information, activates the third component, and controls it in real time; and interceptor missiles, whose task is to destroy enemy missiles. The essence of coordination of the automatic control system and interceptor missiles, radar system and automatic control system is determined from the point of view of the agent approach. It is noted that there are three categories of agents within the framework of the multi-agent pursuit/escape problem in a three-dimensional space: master agents, pursuing agents, and fugitive agents. The parameters of the arbitrary state of these agents are described, and it is determined what the agents know and how they act at each moment of the model time in the process of pursuit/escape in a three-dimensional space. On the basis of the proposed problem statement, the properties of the environment in which the agents operate are identified, and a list of methods that need to be developed is determined. It is noted that on the basis of such methods, it is planned to create a research prototype of a modeling system for pursuit in three-dimensional space, which should include a dynamic geographic information system (GIS) as a GIS capable of displaying and processing moving objects in real time.Refs.: 5 titles.
The incorporation of guided robotic platforms (GRPs) has become an essential component of Industry 4.0. A significant amount of data obtained from sensors can be used for intelligent control. Analyzing and selecting informative data, as well as removing redundant data for subsequent use, is a crucial task. The paper analyses and compares different industrial enterprise management types that utilize GRPs. A comparative analysis of procedures for optimizing the decision choice in general and situational management has been carried out. It has been proved that using traditional management for industrial enterprises that use GRPs is ineffective. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional and situational management of industrial enterprises are shown. Taking into account the shortcomings of each of them, the authors have developed an improved method of situational management that utilizes reliable artificial intelligence (AI). For this purpose, the stages of the modified general procedure for optimizing the choice of AI solutions have been described. A mathematical description of the process of evaluating alternatives has been made, which can be adapted to the use of AI models and their training. A model of the procedure for optimizing the choice of solutions based on situational control that considers the GRP’s battery charge has been developed. The model has been tested on a route map built at an industrial enterprise for the GRP Formica 1 manufactured by AIUT, Gliwice, Poland. The frame of the GRP Formica 1 data acquisition structure has been described. Data mining has been applied to the collected sensor data. The predictive model has been built based on an artificial neural network with deep learning and takes into account the residual charge of the battery, the mass transported by the GRP, and the presence of obstacles on its way. The mean absolute percentage error for the short-term forecast of the battery discharge of the GRP has decreased to 8 %. This proves the high efficiency of the developed method of situational control. Таbl.: 3. Figs.: 8. Refs.: 14 titles.
Management of the environment aimed at ensuring sustainable development is a topical problem of the present and the future since the requirements for the ecological indicators of the living environment are growing and regulatory restrictions are increasing. Environmental management should cover the entire project cycle. A typical project cycle has well-defined start and end points with well-defined major phases and sub-phases and complex interfaces with other supporting processes such as procurement, modernization, planning, and contractor management. The construction and use of environmental management systems require the development of methods and means of convergence of information technologies for the implementation of adequate situational management in the target organization using formalized knowledge. The application of environmental management systems is a necessary condition for sustainable development. The development of such systems requires the use of a holistic approach of a number of factors of a different nature to meet the requirements for environmental parameters. The systemogenesis of environment management systems takes into account the complexity of the structure, the situational nature of connections between components, the situational nature of behavior scenarios under different conditions, the number of parameters and variables, the incompleteness and uncertainty of information sources, the variety of informational, and probabilistic parameters of the environment. Difficulties associated with visual analysis of the state of the environment can be overcome by applying image processing and computer vision technologies. The article analyzes image processing technologies for environmental management. As a result of the analysis, a generalized structure of environmental management processes using image processing was outlined, and directions for building and using knowledge models in creating target environmental management systems based on image processing were determined.Таbl.: 1. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 27 titles.
e-commerce system.Mathematical machines and systems. 2024. N 1. P. 70–76.
The article explores the fundamental requirements for microservice architecture in information systems and justifies its suitability for e-commerce information systems. The concept of microservice architecture is based on developing software applications as a collection of independent modular services aligned with business capabilities and priorities. The characteristics of service interaction and factors influencing architectural decisions are discussed. Microservice architecture's flexibility to employ different technologies and platforms for individual services is highlighted, allowing the adaptation of technical solutions to the unique needs of each service. Functional, non-functional, and business requirements for e-commerce systems are defined, and an architectural approach for web services is proposed. This approach is based on a client-server and microservice architecture, enabling both horizontal and vertical scaling of the server-side components. The architecture involves creating separate services to correspond to distinct business functions, facilitating further scalability and expansion since each microservice can be deployed independently. A list of business requirements for microservices in an e-commerce information system, along with the specifications for their implementation, has been formed. An app architecture for the e-commerce system is presented, comprising a collection of microservices that collectively constitute a comprehensive e-commerce system, and the tools for practical implementation are justified. This architecture effectively embodies the advantages of the microservices development approach, allowing the system to dynamically adapt to changing business needs. It provides scalability and simplifies system maintenance, rendering it more agile and prepared to meet the challenges of modern business and technology. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 9 titles.
SIMULATION AND MANAGEMENT
UDC 658.012.011.56
Hrabovskyi H.H., Ievlev M.H., Moiseienko S.Ye. Interaction of a human operator with an automated control system. Mathematical machines and systems. 2024. N 1. P. 77–86. The technology of interaction between computers (computer systems) and humans is an important scientific problem. Scientifically based technologies of the interaction of two information systems – human and computer – are the ones that will allow optimizing human activity. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more obvious that the most promising way to improve the quality of information processes in human activity, including in automated management systems, is the joint use of human capabilities and technical means as information systems. As a result, the task of studying the main aspects of human-machine interaction becomes topical. The main feature of human-machine interaction is a combination of formalized information processes and structures and informal (as a rule, creative) processing of information. The latter helps both find ways to solve complex problems that are not contained in formal models (algorithms) and to organize the solution process as a holistic system. Human-machine interaction cannot be fully algorithmized (in the formal sense), but it is possible to develop technology for the joint activity of humans and technical systems when solving problems. The article examines some indicators of human operator behavior in interaction with an automated control system, mathematical models of a human operator, and the issue of optimization of human actions. The described interaction of the human operator with an automated control system (ACS) shows the important role of the «human factor», which must be fully taken into account when designing an ACS, as an obligatory component of the ACS control complex. It is shown that as the level of automation increases, the role of a human in technical systems to ensure their smooth operation increases. Some criteria for the characteristics of the «human factor» and ergonomic equipment of the operator's workplace have been formulated. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 7 titles.
QUALITY, RELIABILITY, AND CERTIFICATION OFCOMPUTER TECHNIQUE AND SOFTWARE
The article is devoted to defining modern methods for assessing the residual resource of railway tracks. Since steel rails are one of the main components of railway transportation, predicting the service life and determining the residual resource of rails are important for ensuring the safe operation of railways. The main sectoral international and domestic regulatory documents have been analyzed, and the general state of the problem has been investigated. It has been established that the service life of railway tracks is determined mainly by the degree of dynamic loading, the number of initial defects during manufacture, the quality of steel rails, and the influence of climatic and electromagnetic loads. Some methods and approaches to determining the residual resource in the world practice, which are based on experimental laboratory tests for the durability of decommissioned defective rails, have been studied. On the basis of the discovered mechanisms for the formation and development of defects, some specific recommendations have been developed in order to increase the operational resource of railway tracks. However, these methods do not take into account the stochastic aspects of the physics of degradation and destruction processes. Therefore, the most effective method for determining the residual resource of various objects is the probabilistic-physical method, which is based on the analysis of the dynamics of the change of the determining parameter. In accordance with the methodology of DSTU 8646:2016, given the data on the initial, current, and limited missed tonnage in which there are no rail failures, the calculation of the residual resource of railway rails is given. Calculations of the residual resource using the probabilistic-physical method on the example of heat-treated rails of passenger railways and using the relative values of the resource parameter have shown results that correspond to statistical data from the operation. The use of the method based on DM-distribution of failures helps to extend the life of rails and reduce operating costs by optimizing maintenance and repair processes. Tabl.: 1. Refs.: 10 titles.
Since in the field of nuclear energy, there is a need to assess the risk of erosion-corrosion wear (ECW) in pipelines, the key task of the article is to solve specific issues related to determining the admissibility of the depth caused by ECW defects in the metal walls of pipelines at nuclear power plants and estimate their residual life. A method for calculating the threshold values of wall thickness reduction depths in pipelines caused by corrosion has been processed in accordance with the established methodology adopted by the National Nuclear Energy Generating Company «Energoatom» and additionally, by incorporating regulatory and recommended documentation for pipeline design. The use of the methodology demonstrates certain advantages in terms of assessing erosion-corrosion wear and the fitness of the object for operation, specifically by reducing the requirements for the minimum permissible wall thickness of pipelines with a corrosion defect, especially for small-sized thinning, allowing for a reduction in the planned repair work volumes. In practice, the implementation of the methodology can pose difficulties due to its complexity and time-consuming nature of the procedures for calculating limit values. The paper provides an example of calculating the residual resource of defective pipeline systems at nuclear power plants using a probabilistic-physical approach to assess the technical condition of these objects. For this purpose, a probabilistic-physical reliability model was employed in the form of a diffusion monotonic distribution (DM-distribution) of failures. Its parameters are interpreted physically as the coefficient of variation for the generalized degradation process and the mean rate of the defining parameter.The defining parameter is considered to be the minimum allowable wall thickness of the pipeline under the influence of erosion-corrosion wear, which was determined as a result of calculations using the above-mentioned methodology and additionally by incorporating accompanying regulatory documents. Refs.: 4 titles.
