Sapaty P.S.Distributed Management in Crisis and Emergency Situations. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 3–15.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse and demonstrate possible application of the developed high-level Spatial Grasp Technology, SGT, and its Spatial Grasp Language, SGL, for dealing with different local and global crisis and emergency situations in dynamic distributed environments. Main concepts of SGT, recursive organization of SGL, and its networked interpreter are briefed, where numerous communicating interpreter copies can be installed worldwide and integrated with other systems or operate autonomously in critical situations.Basic network creation and management operations are described in SGL which may operate on top of existing communication systems like internet or serve as high level network protocols on their own in case of nonlocal crises and disasters. Two crisis-prone application areas are investigated and demonstrated in SGL. The first one is dealing with fully distributed analysis and tracing of multiple mobile objects in distributed spaces with complex and tricky routes, which may relate to cruise missiles, defence objects and debris in outer space, or massively migrating individuals through international borders. The other considered area represents distributed social networks in which different communities, with different cultures, traditions or religions may spatially coincide. It is shown in SGL how simulate spatial dynamics of such societies, regularly find topographical centres of different communities and evaluate distances between them, which may be useful for prediction or prevention of different social conflicts. The proposed technology had trial implementations and applications in different countries, and its latest version can be readily installed by agreement on any platforms needed. Figs.: 16. Refs.: 17 titles.
UDC 681.3
IashchenkoV.O. New revolutionary brain development technology for robots. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 16–27.
The article discusses a new direction in computerization based on a revolutionary technology for processing various types of information (video, sound, text, etc. in real time) in a single homogeneous multidimensional active associative neural-like growing structure that allows you to create an electronic brain for android robots. A new technology based on a new type of neural network – a multiply connected, multidimensional, receptor-effector neural-like growing network, functioning by analogy with the functioning of the neural structures of the human brain. The neuro-like structure performs simultaneous perception, analysis, storage, classification and synthesis of information presented in various dimensions (for example, visual, sound, tactile, etc.). As a result of information analysis, the neural-like structure generates control signals for the actuators. In the neural-like growing network, conditioned and unconditioned reflexes are successfully formed, which, according to IP Pavlov, are the basis of the conditioned-reflex activity of the human brain, providing adequate and most perfect relations of the organism to the outside world, i.e. learning and behavior. On the basis of unconditioned reflexes embedded in a neural-like structure, during the life of the robot, conditioned reflexes and complex adaptive mechanisms of its behavior in the environment are formed. Conditioned reflexes are a fundamental factor in learning and shaping the intellect. The paper considers the idea of the soul as the immortal non-material essence of man and the system of formation of natural and artificial intelligence. The functional organization of the human brain and the brain of the robot are considered. The experiment with a simple robot received some confirmation of the formation of the soul of the computer as a carrier of feelings and will. Figs.: 9. Refs.: 9 titles.
UDC 519.7
Lazarenko S.V. To the issue of computational complexity under the study of systems dynamics with anticipatory. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 28–35.
The article is devoted to the study of the Anticipatory systems. The dynamics of the Anticipatory system is considered, which can be introduced by an explicit mapping of past states to future one in time. The evolution operator of such mappings is given by the Hutchinson operator. In a metric space with a Hausdorff metric, modeling of dynamical systems with a multi-valued operator is performed. The article focuses on the problem of calculating the Maximal Lyapunov exponent as a numerical characteristic, on the basis of which one can speak about the inherent sensitivity to small perturbations, thereby affirming that the system’s dynamics are random or regular. Due to the exponential growth of computations during modeling of the anticipatory system caused by the ambiguity of decisions, the questions of estimating and minimizing these calculations become the primary applied problem of building a systems approach to the analysis of such systems. For the same reason, the applied studies of these systems remain few in number, and their relevance is due to a wide class of real processes that can be formally presented by models with the anticipation. The lasts, in turn, may even more accurately reflect the nature of the process that they formalize, compared with the classical models with a lag. Among them, it is worth noting such processes as traffic flow modeling, conflict resolution, etc.The paper proposes and describes in detail the procedure for calculating the Maximal Lyapunov exponent, adapted to systems with multi-valued evolution operators. The basic idea of the procedure is based on the Benettin algorithm for the numerical calculation of the Maximal Lyapunov exponent. Estimates of time and spatial computational complexity are given. The most costly parts of the procedure in terms of calculating are selected – the calculation of the distance between the main trajectory and the perturbed one. Fig.: 1. Refs.: 7 titles.
INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
UDC 528.9
Kovalets I.V., Khalchenkov O.V., Polonsky O.O. Using the WRF-Ukraine system for forecasting agrometeorological conditions. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N1. P. 36–48.
Weather forecasting system WRF-Ukraine is configured for prediction in Ukraine on detailed grids of both standard meteorological parameters and agrometeorological characteristics such as soil temperature and moisture. The model is verified on the basis of measurement data of Ukrainian and Austrian meteorological and agrometeorological stations. The air temperature, wind speed and direction, as well as soil temperature are forecasted with the skill similar to best existing analogues. The root mean square error of soil temperature forecasts at 10 cm depth, based on a comparison with the data of Ukrainian stations during the spring-summer period of 2018 (decade averages), is 1,7°C (for predictions with a lead time up to 48 hours) and 1,9°C (for predictions with a lead time of 48–96 hours). The correlation coefficient is 0,92. The root mean square error of the soil temperature forecasts at a depth of 20 cm, based on comparison with the hourly data of the Austrian stations is 2,2°C, the correlation coefficient is 0,87. The predicted soil moisture in the 0–20 cm layer was overestimated by 30% as compared to the data of Ukrainian stations. In comparison with the Austrian stations the results of 20 cm deep moisture prediction were understated by 20%. Correlation coefficients were 0,55 and 0,3. Such errors are due to errors in forecasting precipitation and the strong dependence of soil moisture on local geographic conditions (site slopes, etc.) that cannot be reproduced under the spatial resolution of the model (from 0,05 to 0,15 deg). One of the possibilities to improve prediction of soil moisture in the future will be the connection of the stand-alone version of the soil model to the system, its adjustment to the local conditions of each site, and performing calculations with such stand-alone soil model using the meteorological parameters predicted by the WRF-Ukraine system. Таbl.: 5. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 17 titles.
UDC 004.9:004.75
Lysetsky Yu.M., Sabliy Yu.Yu. Hyperconvergence open source technology. Mathematicalmachinesandsystems. 2019. N 1. P. 49–55.
Appearance of hyperconvergence infrastructures is the appropriate stage of development of IT-infrastructures and next logical step from convergence. A company Red Hat is a leader in the area of development of open software presented NT of level of enterprise – integrated platform for calculations and storage of data of Red Hat Hyperconverged Infrastructure (RHHI) with an open source. Under a term a «hyperconvergence infrastructure» is understood the programmatic-determined IT-infrastructure that plugs in itself such obligatory components, as hypervisor of calculable virtualization, programmatic-determined depository of data and network. Red Hat Virtualization – platform of virtualization on the basis of technology of KVM; Red Hat Gluster Storage – scale programmatic system of storage on the basis of GlusterFS; Red Hat Enterprise Linux – the corporate Linux – platform; Ansible – system of the centralized automated development and management by configurations without the use of programmatic agents. Technology of RHHI is oriented to the remote offices and/or branches, because allows to realize practically all functional of Data Centers in places with limit resources. To date a hyperconvergence infrastructure became a dominant vehicle platform for placing of private clouds, virtual workplaces and environments of development of new applications. The unicity of technology of RHHI consists in that, a fully open source eliminates attachment to the certain producer, and also allows to support the high level of innovations, taking advantage and the newest technologies from developers with an open source. Thus, technology of RHHI can be recommended for application in all organizations that want to build the flexible infrastructure of cloudy level, not using public resources for this purpose, and placing an equipment in own Data Center. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 4 titles.
UDC 528.9
Maistrenko S.Ya., Dontsov-Zagreba T.O., Khurtsilava K.V., Kharchuk M.I., Grybkov S.V., Kovalets I.V.Information technology of data storage and visualization of hydrometeorological forecasting based on WRF-Ukraine. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 56–67.
The informational technology for saving and visualizing data of the hydrometeorological and agri-meteorological forecasting for agriculture is proposed. In addition to the standard meteorological parameters, it allows to save and provide on application the calculated data which is peculiar to this subject matter, for example, temperature and humidity of soil at different depth, etc. The possibility of its integration into the measuring system of the network of the ground-based synoptic meteorological stations and also data of radiosonde measurements conducted by the national hydrometeorological services in accordance with requirements of the World Metrological Organisation (WMO) is examined. The data of forecasting results and measurements concerning selection of environment for developing a web-system and architecture of its server and customer component are analyzed. As researches result, a number of recommendations for developing specialized web-systems are offered. As an illustration of efficiency of the proposed informational technology, the prototype version of a web-system incorporating the above said recommendations are offered. The capabilities of the prototype version of the system, including an array of the forecasting data and measurement results, and also visualization of results for easier analysis are presented in detail. Meteorological forecasting data is reflected in the digital map and also in the graphs showing change of data dynamics during 108 hour period. For measurement results, the time period for drawing graphs is determined by the user and is limited only by data available in the database. The developed information technology can be implemented for agricultural planning and hydrometeorological monitoring in Ukraine. Overall, the paper may be interesting both for the software developers of the web-applications and hydrometeorological forecasting professionals.Figs.: 14. Refs.: 12 titles.
UDC 004.891.2
Vlasova T.M., Kovalenko O.Ye., Kosolapov V.L. Organizational information service for decision-making technology in a situational center through holding the meetings.Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 68–79.
The paper describes the software service for automating the preparation of materials, the formation of protocols and the organization of meetings in situation centers. One of the key stages of situation management is the formation of managerial decisions that are taken individually or by collective discussion and approval in accordance with the rules and regulations of decision-making in the organization. The principles of organizing procedures for collective discussion of situation management tasks are described and how they are carried out through meetings in situation centers. The model and procedures of collective discussion of situation management tasks through holding the meetings in situation centers are proposed. The model of project activity gives concrete recommendations for the organization of situation management processes at stages of planning, implementation, monitoring, management and control. There were developed models and software tools of IT «Meeting» organizational information service support decision-making on situation management. IT «Meeting» service is used for providing and maintaining meetings in situational centers and based on standard situation management procedures. It can be used both for holding the meetings in the full-function configuration of the situation center (FullMode), and in the light configuration of the situation center (LightMode), depending on the architecture of the situation center and the rules of decision-making. Organizational information technology support and decision-making in situation management through holding the meetings in situation centers is the synchronization of the development of full-featured and lightweight configurations of collective decision-making computer systems for advancing their functionality, quality and ease of use. Figs.: 8. Refs.: 14 titles.
UDC 539.16.04
Bezhenar R.V. Reconstruction of the Black Sea contamination by radioactive 137Cs from 1945 to 2020 using the POSEIDON-R box model. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 80–93.
The POSEIDON-R box model was used for long-term modeling of the Black Seacontaminationby radioactive cesium137Cs. Sources of 137Cs before and after ChNPP accident were taken into account. Runoff of radionuclide by water of Dnieper and Danube rivers for periods of time when data of measurements are not available was estimated on the base of generalize river runoff model. Comparisonofcalculationresultswithmeasurementsshowsthat the model reproduces the radioactivity distribution in the water surface layer at different times and its transfer to the deep-water area. In addition, the agreement between results of modeling and measurements for bottom sediments and different types of fish was obtained. It is shown that the considering of the influence of competition ions (potassium K+)concentration on the cesium uptake by marine organisms allows for obtaining a better agreement between results of simulations and measurements for both prey (forage) and predatory fish species in the Dnipro-Bug estuary. The obtained dynamics of 137Cs concentration changes in pelagic fish is very similar to the corresponding dynamics in the surface water layer of the Black Sea, indicating conditions close to the equilibrium.Therefore,theconcentrationfactorsforpreyandpredatoryfishwerefoundequalto 81 l/kgand 95 l/kgrespectively. In the study, the estimations of 137Csinventory in the Black Sea based on modeling results were carried out. According to them, the inventory of137Cs in bottom sedimentsdoes not exceed 3% of its inventory in the water column.It can be explained by a very slow penetration of contamination in the deep-water of the Black Sea with the following deposition to the bottom. The largest contribution to the reducing of radioactive contamination of the surface layer of the Black Seagivesthe penetration of radionuclidesto the deep-water area and radiation decay. Accordingtothemodelingresults,thetwotimesdecreasingof137Cs concentrationin the surface water layer of the Black Seaoccurs during 13 years, while in the whole sea – during 25 years. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 10. Refs.: 29 titles.
UDC 004.942
Chesanovsky M.S., Sheketa V.I., Poteriailo L.O. Formal-metric aspects of case-based implementations solving technological drilling problems. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 94–106.
The essence of application of case-based considerations solving technological problems of the drilling process is defined, which ultimately allows all described operations tobe actually reduced to the operation with values presented in the form of entities with imposed restrictions,which can be stratified both in terms of quantity and quality of performed domain entities representations for the introduced technological parameters.Thus, case-based considerations (reasoning based on precedents) are used as one of the effective methodologies for constructing knowledge-oriented systems, where the main element is the past expert experience in the form of cases (precedents).From the system point of view it is important that the more the number of such cases will be higher, the higher will be the quality of machine considerations that should be expected to solve the problem, where already existing cases in the cases base serve to clarify the projected solution and to allow the effective adaptation of existing results in the form of tuples of values for technological parameters to certain specified initial conditions in the form of imposed constraints systems, where the current solution is considered to be correct, if it satisfies the imposed system of constraints insofar. It is described the process of forming a solution space for selected technological problems with imposed constraints.The process of extracting of the cases is based on well-grounded relations between indexed entities, which are described by the corresponding formal semantics of computed results. For this purpose, the analysis of impacting models on the projected space of the solutions of the technological problem in the context of the presented probabilistic approach to case-based inference is made, which is a significant extension of the case of statistical reasoning, since in such extension, expert estimates in the form of confidence coefficients are operated accordingly to the similarity relation on the homogeneous set of representations for the subject domain area. Таbl.: 2. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 11 titles.
SIMULATION AND MANAGEMENT
UDC 519.769
Mardanov M.Dzh., Rzayev R.R., Ibragimov N.S., Dzhamalov Z.R. Formation of university rankings based on the compilation of expert assessments in the logical basis of the neural network.Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 107–123.
The article proposes a method of constructive assessment of the effectiveness of university activities involving a variety of criteria, adjusted for regional specificity. This set consists of 18 criteria and it is divided into three sections – according to the key indicators «Potential», «Activity and quality of education», «International recognition». Some of them are calculated as fractions of objects or results of the university activity of the certain quality relative to their total number or volume. Other indicators are exceptionally qualitative, such as attractiveness among applicants and/or reputation among employers. A number of indicators are calculated by various schemes, such as, for example, the level of university participation in international programs. The rest are absolute measurement values. The proposed methodology takes into account the fact that different indicators of university activities have different weights in determining their ranking, and their priorities should vary depending on the specifics of the university, its size, age and the number of other characteristics. As a result of such analysis, not only the ranking of universities is made, but also the mechanism of its progressive development is outlined. Based on these considerations, within the framework of this methodology, an approach to multi-criterion evaluation of educational services and ranking of universities based on the combined use of expert evaluations and neural network modeling is proposed. The knowledge obtained on the basis of expert opinions, as external representations of weighted total estimates of universities, is compiled into effective internal representations about them in the logical basis of a three-layer feedforward neural network.Таbl.: 7. Figs.: 4. Refs.: 6 titles.
UDC 004.94:519.876.5
Stetsenko I.V., Yaschuk S.M. Simulation modeling of road traffic using Unity3D. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 124–130.
Traffic modeling is an important aspect when adopting new traffic management strategies, as well as improving existing strategies. The article presents a comparative analysis of software for modeling traffic. There are software tools that allow the simulation of traffic, however, at the micro level, they are not realistic enough to model the interaction of vehicles and road terrain. Most of these software products use mathematical models that describe the movement of vehicles. These models are often based on fluid dynamics and are the same for each type of transport. However, they do not satisfy the current needs of road modeling as a complex set of controls and road users. Software that has appeared recently can reproduce the physical interaction of objects of various types, taking into account their shape, weight, and surface quality, which is extremely important in the study of traffic based on models. This article discusses the use of Unity3D as a new tool for modeling traffic in a three-dimensional representation. Unity3D has a large set of built-in tools for reproducing vehicle mechanics, the environment, and the ability to develop your own mechanics and scripts based on the C # language. An algorithm for imitating the control of vehicles has been developed, which makes decisions based on information about control signals, the distance to the nearest vehicles and obstacles to traffic, weather conditions, and the quality of the road surface. This makes it possible to present the movement of the vehicle most accurately to actual conditions. Таbl.: 1. Figs.: 3. Refs.:10 titles.
UDC 519.248:159.9
DykhovychnyiO.O., Kruglova N.V., Alekseeva I.V. Application of IRT-models and methods of multicriteria optimization to the analysis of psychological profile. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. Р.131–142.
The methods of statistical analysis of psychological profiles obtained on the basis of psychological tests for 800 military personnel were investigated in the paper. For testing, a battery of eight well-known tests was applied, namely: four Guilford tests, the «exclusionconcept» test, the «confused lines», the «compasses», the Xenophon test. Statistical analysis is based on the determination of psychological indicators using IRT methods.Based on the application of relevant statistical criteria, the following mathematical models of tests were selected: the Rushsa model, as well as 1 PL, 2 PL and 3 PL models. The language R is used for computer processing, namely, the ltm package. The latent parameters of both respondents and corresponding indicators (test questions) are calculated. The main attention was paid to the analysis of psychological indicators, namely, the construction of psychological profiles and ranking of respondents according to these profiles. For ranking the respondents, both the well-known integral linear indicator and the modern multi-criteria optimization methods TOPSIS and VIKOR with certain weight coefficients were used. With the help of experts selecting appropriate weight coefficients, it is possible to identify those features of a person’s psychological state which corresponds to the specific goals. The functions VIKOR, TOPSISLinear (scalar normalization procedure), TOPSISVector (vector normalization procedure) from the MCDM package were used. The examples in which different sets of weight coefficients were considered. The results of ranking by integral indicator and TOPSIS and VIKOR methods were analyzed.The obtained resultscoincide in general, but the results obtained by multicriteria optimization methods are more consistent, and, consequently, more reliable.Таbl.: 4. Refs.: 15 titles.
UDC 528.06
Alpert S.I. Basic measures of similarity and new approaches to their use in the classification of hyperspectral space images. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N1. P. 143–151.
This paper describes the new approach for hyperspectral satellite images classification, which uses a concept of Vector Space Model and vector similarity functions, such as: Sorensen-Dice coefficient, cosine similarity, soft cosine measure, Jaccard coefficient, overlap measure and assymetric measure. It was shown, that cosine similarity is a measure of the angle between two t-dimensional object vectors. It also was noticed, that soft cosine measure is a measure of “soft” similarity between two vectors. Soft cosine measure considers similarity of pairs of features. For calculation of the soft cosine measure, the matrix of similarity between features is used. The traditional cosine similarity considers the vector space model features as independent or completely different, while the soft cosine measure proposes considering the similarity of features in the vector space model, which allows generalization of the concepts of cosine measure. It also was considered Jaccard coefficient that measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets. Sorensen-Dice coefficient was described in this paper too. This coefficient isused for comparing the similarity of two samples. It was independently developed by the two scientists:Thorvald Sorensen and Lee Raymond Dice. It was shown, that overlap coefficient measures the overlap between two finite sets. It is defined as the size of the intersection of two sets divided by the smaller of the size of the two sets. It also was noticed, that asymmetric measure describes the inclusion relations between vectors. Main properties and characteristics of these vector similarity functions were analyzed in this paper. It was also considered an example, where similarity measures between two vectors were computed. Proposed vector similarity functions can be applied in information retrieval, various ecological tasks and hyperspectral satellite image classification. Refs.: 22 titles.
QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND CERTIFICATION OF COMPUTER TECHNIQUE AND SOFTWARE
UDC 621.3.019.3
Mukha Ar.A., Fedukhin O.V. Redundant microcontrollers and systems based on them. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 152–163.
The article is devoted to the engineering of fault-tolerant microcontrollers and microcontroller systems. The purpose of the research is to develop conceptual approaches to the implementation of typical dual-channel duplicated nodes based on programmable microcontrollers and the creation on their basis of fault-tolerant systems with pipelined data processing, block-by-block redundancy and reconfiguration capability.According to estimates of various researchers, the downtime of computer systems (CS) costs American businesses billions of dollars (about hundreds of thousands of dollars per hour of downtime). That is why technologies that increase the reliability of the work of the CS are so interesting to companies operating in the field of critical infrastructures and technologies. The paper provides a brief description of the technical devices that make up modern microcontrollers (MC), addresses the issues of improving the reliability of the MC by building typical duplicate nodes. The foreign experience of creating duplicated microcontrollers and creating duplicate microcontroller systems on their basis is given.Since technical solutions for creating redundant systems based on microcontrollers, for obvious reasons, the developers do not advertise, the paper proposes several authors’ solutions to the problems of duplicating MCs, which were formulated as a result of a discussion of the problem on the Internet.Based on duplicate nodes, it is proposed to build duplicate systems with pipelining of data, made in the form of a quasibridge structure (QBS). If such a structure is an equivalent replacement for the functionality of a duplicate node, consisting, for example, of two industrial computers, in this case, the additional advantages inherent in the MC and QBS are achieved.Figs.: 5. Refs.: 8 titles.
UDC 004.9:004.03
Kropotov P.P., Begun V.V., Begun S.V.The international approach to the safety management and the European information and monitoring system Copernicus. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 164–178.
The world experience and approaches on organization of monitoring and prevention of emergency situations are analyzed using the example of European Union member-states, where the activity on environment protection has started since 1972 by approving a few consistent programmes of action based on vertical and sectoral approach to the ecological problems solution. It has proved that the issue of safety monitoring is relevant all over the world, where almost in all leading countries the monitoring and prediction systems of the emergency situations designed and established. The main purpose of such systems is the prevention of natural phenomena and technogenic emergency situations and processes by monitoring data collection, processing and consolidation, by decision making with alarm signalization and recommended actions due to current situation. The availability of powerful satellite-based and UAV-based components with the possibility of Earth remote sensing is the characteristic feature of these systems. The identification and the analysis of risks and hazards, the evaluation and construction of risk matrix, the development of possible events scenario, the risk management measures with their periodic review are the main components of emergency prevention policy at all levels of management. The review of measures for the 2015–2030 period under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction of UNISDR is performed, in particular, the development and establishment of online monitoring system, which gives the possibility to carry out the cross-regions and cross-countries comparisons according to objectives and indexes of the Sendai Framework. The analysis of European Union approaches to the monitoring and prediction of emergency situations is performed using an example of Copernicus Programme. The necessity of development of modern monitoring and predicting of emergency situations system in Ukraine is proposed in this article. This system should be compatible and should be integrated with Copernicus Programme components. The expedience of the development of the national risk reduction platform is also pointed out in this article as the effective mechanism for the essential increasing of the level of the population and environment protection.Figs.: 8. Refs.: 23 titles.
UDC 681.323
Bieliavin V.F.Method of restoration of operational capacity of microprocessor systems of high availability due to refusals connected with the impact of electrostatic discharges. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 179–190. Systems of high availability should provide minimal downtime. The impact of electrostatic discharges on a microprocessor system of high availability can cause a failure. According to the results of the author's control of microprocessor systems, in the conditions of their long-term continuous operation at more than five hundred objects of the country, there was a failure, which had signs of an avoidable failure. It was established experimentally that restarting the microcontroller of the microprocessor system on the reset input is guaranteed not to take it out of the hang state. The high degree of microminiaturization of the components of the microcontroller crystal entails an increase in sensitivity to the effects of electrostatic discharges. The data on the relative sensitivity to the effects of electrostatic discharges on the semiconductor elements of various structures, on the effect of static electricity on the basic elements of the structure of the microcontroller were given. In the laboratory, it was simulated equal failures of microprocessor-based printed circuits board systems under the impact of electrostatic discharges created artificially. To simulate the effects of discharges on electronic components, it was supposed to use a human body model, a machine model, and a model with a charged device for air and contact discharges. Under laboratory conditions, the microcontroller hang-up effect manifested itself in both contact and air discharges, in the framework of the first two models. According to the simulation results, a method was proposed for restoring systems to work by restarting the power in automatic mode. The effectiveness of this method is confirmed by the results of operation of about five hundred systems in which the restoration of working capacity after exposure to a hang-up due to electrostatic discharges not exceeding the damage threshold was performed automatically. Тabl.: 1. Figs: 6. Refs.: 13 titles.
UDC 004.02:004.04
Begun V.V., Begun S.V. Units of risk measurement according to the theory of risk-based approach.Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 191–202.
Recently government has adopted quite a big amount of legislative documents directed on safety regulation in all spheres of activities according to risk oriented approach. However, at the same time, we could observe the one-sidedness of governmental decisions which become apparent first of all at the recommended risk assessment methods, methods of control (monitoring) of risk level, and related to these units of risk measurement. The advantage is given to the qualitative methods of risk assessment and to the inspections of objects with risk estimations based on scoring approach using ordinal scales. The dangerous tendency of simplified approach to the solution of very complicated task appears as a consequence of these decisions which results in significant slowdown of implementation of the modern market methods of management based on quantitative risk assessment with modelling, appropriate risk insurance and declaration. As it is shown by the world experience only such quantitative methods lead to the success in self-government, in decreasing of governmental pressure on business and in harmonization of legislation with European countries. The analysis and the correction for the system errors that was made are proposed in this article, therefore this article is extremely relevant. Since the IMMSP of the NAS of Ukraine by the NAS of Ukraine decree is recognized as the main scientific institution for scientific support for this very important governmental theme, thus we must make appropriate clarification. The substantiation of the selection of the risk measurement unit based on the definition according to the theory of measurement scales and according to the existing practice at the dangerous branches of industry, general algorithm of risk assessment based on modelling with the possibility of human factor inclusion are given in the article. The estimation of the uncertainty of the qualitative and of the quantitative methods of risk assessment is performed in the article. The selection algorithm for the events, factors and circumstances that should be included in the models of risk assessments is considered. Fig.: 1. Refs.: 18 titles.
UDC 621.3.019.3
Cespedes Garcia P.D. N-version programming as an opportunity to exclude errors in software. Mathematical machines and systems. 2019. N 1. P. 203–208.
One of the methods for increasing computer system dependability level is the N-version programming method. Liming Chen and Algirdas Avizienis proposed this concept with the main hypothesis that «independent efforts in software development will significantly reduce the likelihood of identical failures that occurs in two or more versions of the program». The main goal of N-version programming is to increase the reliability of the software by bounding design errors. The effectiveness of a multiversion system depends on the variety of variations at the executive teams formation stage, different algorithms implementation, design and testing tools. Multiversion software is defined as independently developed two or more functionally equivalent programs written from the same specification source. Different program versions have everything they need for simultaneous execution, and at the same time, they interact with each other at the results comparison stages. Researches suggest that independent software development and further implementation of diversity methods will lead to the creation of versions that contain significantly different errors and they will not lead to failures at the comparison stages. Thus, if most versions produce the same values, this overall result is likely will be correct. Moreover, a multiversion system design must be considered, as a system with several types of versioned redundancy at all stages of its life cycle. This will allow diversifying the system not only at the development stage, but at the preliminary stages of system design as well. Despite the conducted studies that discredited the relevance of multiversion design, a number of research groups have confirmed the significantly higher calculations accuracy, which multiversion systems are capable to achieve, in comparison with conventional systems. Fig.: 1. Refs.: 9 titles.
